In the present study, the main purpose is the qualitative study on garbage Collection in Tehran city. It has been done by qualitative research method. Semi-structured interview and purposeful sampling techniques were used in data Collection. To do this, 15 people were interviewed and the sample size in the present study was determined based on theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Theme analysis was performed at 4 levels of primary, main, central and core themes. A total of 184 initial themes were extracted from all interviews. In the main coding stage, the following 9 main themes were merged. Escape from poverty in the origin and the inevitable choice of inferiority, society's view to garbage collectors, and high stress, strengthening the cycle of academic reluctance and illiteracy, physical and mental torment, unknown horizon and confusion of the Khojies, legal ambiguity and customary definitions and contracts, complaints from relevant institutions, the entry of the mafia and the formation of rent and corruption. Finally, these themes fall into two categories of social harmfulness of recycling and institutional exclusion and illegallity of the status of garbage collectors in the second distrect in the form of the core theme of the structure of socially harmful and institutionally illegal, waste phenomenon explained..

The Crime committed against the victim, if an internal factor (such as disease) or an external penal factor (such as injury) or an external nonpenal factor (such as fall from height) is added to it, may sometime lead to the death of the victim. In such cases, since another factor has been involved in the death of victim, three probabilities are at stake of the responsibility of the criminal: “full responsibility”, “absence of responsibility” and “Relative responsibility”. In this writing, it has been assumed that the standard for responsibility is that Crime should be correctly ascribed; thus, in cases in which there is no justification to ascribe the Crime to the criminal, his responsibility will be null and void; in a case in which death may be fully ascribed to [the Crime committed by] the criminal. Responsibility will be fully that of hi, and if it [death] may be ascribed both to the Crime and another factor, the criminal will be responsible as much as his act has been of influence in occurrence of the result; of course, it should be noted that under each and every condition, the criminal will be responsible, if the time interval between the original Crime and occurrence of result is not more than one year.

Silmultaneous with the advancement of science and technology, criminals’ methods and tactics get more complicated, too and police should equip itself with the world’ s latest technology to extricate from this challenge. One of these technologies is biometrics which enables police to take giant steps in collecting Crime evidence. The present research is of applied type in terms of kind and objective with a qualitative approach. The study society includes elite and experts with a sample mass of eighteen people to the saturation level using targeted sampling method and the Collection tool includes semi-structured interviews in which the results of the interview were transcribed and encoded. The findings of this research indicated thatcollecting biometric-based Crime evidence is possible in foiur deminsions (laboratories, field investigations, Web and cyber-management) where these dimensions are interrelated. According to the findings of this research, biometrics will augment police Crime laboratories capabilities, particularly identity recognition laboratories which are in line with the most important function of biometrics and during course of police field investigations, the biometric technology will increase the police investigations domain in order to enable the police to obtain reliable evidence and be able to track in cyber domain and to provide electronic surveillance with the help of biometrics and to collect Crime evidence.

Due to the importance of Tabriz in various historical periods after the Mongol’s invasion to the end of the Qajar period, as continuously being the capital city or the residence city of the prince, entrance to this city has been reflected in various reports. Most of the foreigners who entered Iran from European countries came from Caucasus Road to Tabriz and reported many buildings on their way. Moreover, this road was one of the most significant roadways for Caravans on the Silk Road, where various residential buildings have been constructed. Alaki caravansarai is one of the most important roadside accommodations in Northwest Iran, and so many reports about it and the quality of its façade decorations can be traced in the travelogues of foreigners who traveled to Iran. Its vastitude and elegant entrance gate nevertheless, this building has unfortunately been neglected and was about to be ruined in the 19th century and afterward. However, the beauty of its entrance gate has gained the attention of many people and has been reported in many sources. Based on the ornaments used, recent sources in the history of architecture have estimated its date to the 12th century and Ilkhanid Abū Saʿīd Bahādor Khan and the Timurid period. These sources based their estimation only on the type of ornaments used on its entrance gate and its probable that the existence of dated artworks of the Ilkhanid period nearby, such as the Mihrab of Marand’s Jame Mosque, has influenced this speculation. This article aims to meticulously study this building in various travelogues, al-Wqafīyya al-Rashīdīyya, and other sources in the history of architecture and discusses the ornament types used and their history. The detailed study of the documents and sources indicated that this building could belong to the presidency period of Ḵᵛāja Rašid-al-Din Fażl-Allāh, and based on his emphasis to establish this building, can be dated 1297-1309. The ornaments, moreover, indicate the transient period from brickwork to tilework which happened in the late 13th and early 14th centuries

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean Relative yield and Relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

One of the Crimes that has slowly taken on a global form is environmental Crime, and international organizations are working to bring nations together to tackle Crimes against transnational environmentalism by formulating a global consensus and by enacting laws between them.-Internationals are trying to protect the environment. In the future, environmental resources will bring about war and violence between nations. Because environmental Crime focuses on Crimes and damages to the environment and animals, it also includes sustainability and climate change. The concept of transnational Crime therefore encompasses at least two different conceptual considerations. First, Crime must involve the movement of people, objects, or decisions across borders. Second, the injury must be recognized internationally as a Crime. This study utilized documentary and library method and data analysis was qualitative and based on researcher inference from sources and texts. The environment and the future of work are two of the biggest challenges facing the world today, and one cannot be tackled without the other. Because environmental degradation can act as a cause or an accelerating factor in violent conflict. This paper attempts to examine the dimensions of environmental Crime that limit the outcome of the conflict to address its specific causes.

The communities of the Kura- Araxes cultural complex with their highly distinctive cultural and economic features represent the occupation of some parts of the Near East and Caucasia during the Bronze Age.  Generally, the origin of this culture is sought in the Southern Caucasus. In Iran, the spread of this cultural tradition represents not only a rupture in the cultural development of the Mesopotamian traditions. Environmental changes linked to Rapid Climate Change (RCC) also forced the population to develop new economic strategies. Until about two decades ago, knowledge of the flourishing Kura Araxes occupation was limited to the north-west of the country and to some parts of the Central Zagros, but recent research in the zones south and north of the Alborz Mountain Range, on the northern edge of the Central Plateau allows by now to present a more detailed picture of the Kura Araxes occupation in both diachronic and synchronic perspective. Recent archaeological excavations in the two sites of Qaleh Tepe and Ali Yourd Tepe revealed some important new data from Kura-Araxes settlements in the corridor of the north Central Plateau and northwestern Iran. The two sites are located in the eastern Zanjan Province in the Abhar Rood Basin. This paper aims to update the chronology of the Kura-Araxes culture based on the radiocarbon dates from the two sites of Qaleh Tepe and Ali Yourd Tepe. The stratigraphy and radiocarbon dates of the two sites reveal the beginning of the Kura-Araxes culture in the region from c. 2900 BCE, followed by a quick extension into the northern Central Plateau, where it is represented by sites such as Shizar, Doranabad, Ostur, and Barlekin. Similarity and diversity characterize the Kura-Araxes cultural complex.  However, based on the current data, the ceramic style represents a common feature, but also the architectural remains indicate a common cultural tradition during the first quarter of the third millennium BCE in the Central Zagros, northwestern Iran, and on the Central Plateau

The punishment of multiple offenses, due to the need to strike a balance between the two main principles of punishment, justice and correction, faces fundamental challenges to justification. By leaving aside the comparison of multiplicity of T'azir Crimes with the Hudud and the amendments to Article 134 of the Islamic Penal Code, the rational justification of this kind of punishment has become necessary. Therefore, this article by using a descriptive-analytical method, in an attempt to reconcile the institution of Crime multiplicity with the philosophy of punishment and in the light of a comparative study of this issue in the three legal systems of Egypt, Germany and the United Kingdom, intends to ask the question that "what are the desirable principles and models for determining the punishment of real multiplicity of T'azir Crimes? " The British legal system, striking a balance between the two goals of justice and correction, has proposed a model of the Relative aggregation of punishments, which is a combination of the model of the real and judicial aggregation of punishments. German and Egyptian law follow the real aggregation model and have limited this model. The punishment of multiple Crimes in Iranian law due to ambiguity in purpose has followed all models and this has caused in some cases, the severity of the penalty for multiple offenses and sometimes less than other legal systems. This hesitation has been against both apparent and real justice and against the correctional purpose of punishments.

Introdaction: Today the information gathering components are key tools and key supports in Crime prevention programs in the information society. The purpose of this study is to identify the components of information gathering in police Crime prevention. Method: The current research is an applied and exploratory type. So it is one of the qualitative researches done by thematic analysis method. The information-gathering tool was semi-structured interviews, and the participants included expert of interior and exterior of the organization. The number of participants was determined in the research process based on theoretical saturation principle and was selected using purposeful sampling. To analyze the information, the collected data converted into text; then, data was analyzedby using the MAXQDA software version 12. 3, and the data coding method. Findings: Information gathering components in police Crime prevention categorized in 2 main themes and 16 sub themes. Conclusion: The inter-organizational component obtained as the main theme of the component and the criminal intelligence information (including Crime scenes, organized Crime, disturbances, hot spot Crime locations and geographical information), media and cyberspace observation, and are the most important sub-themes of this component. The outsourcing component as the main theme of the second and the information of offenders (including criminals' information ( leave or escape criminals, intercepting conversations, controlling criminals), victims information, integrated Crime intelligence systems (including optical and electronic technical equipment, and was obtained as sub-themes of the second main component.